Нэр їг болон їйл їгийн шинжийг агуулсан "-ing" тєгсгєл бїхий їйл їгийг їйлт нэр гэдэг. Їйлт нэр нь єгїїлбэрт аль болох їйл їгийн ойролцоо байрлан дараах їїргийг гїйцэтгэнэ.
- Єгїїлэгдэхїїний їїргээр : Swimming is healthy. - Усанд сэлэх нь эрїїл мэндэд тустай.
- Єгїїлэхїїний хэсгийн їїргээр : That is running a great risk - Энэ бол том эрсдэл
- Шууд тусгагдахууны їїргээр : Ялангуяа цагийн хамаарал заасан їйл їг, дур хїсэл эсвэл дур гутсаныг илтгэсэн їйл їгийн дараа хэрэглэгдэнэ.
Їйлт нэр їг нь дараах їйл їгийн дараа байх ёстой :
to go on | to have done with | to put off | to give up | to stop |
to keep | I do not mind | to risk | I cannot | to finish |
- Жишээ нь : Go on reading. - Їргэлжлїїлэн унших.
Їйлт нэр їг нь дараах їгийн дараа байж болно.
to like | to prefer | to mind | to remember | to excuse |
to hate | to enjoy | to love | to regret | to start |
- Жишээ нь : I like walking - I like to walk - Би явган явах дуртай.
- Дараах тохиолдолд їйл їг, нэр їг, хавсрал нэрээс хамаарч байгаа угтвар їгийн дараа їйлт нэр їг нь байрлана.
а) Їйл їг :
to complain of | to delight in | to insist (up) on | to object to | to succeed in |
to depend on | to despire of | to prevent from | to quarrel about | to think of |
Жишээ нь : He succeeded in escaping.
б) Нэр їг :
to be in the habit of | to be in danger of | a plan for | to be on the point of | the way of |
Жишээ нь : He was in danger of getting drowned.
в) Хавсрал нэр :
fond of | capable of | keen on | accustomed to |
proud of | disappointed at | far from | |
Жишээ нь : She was found of being admired.- Їйлт нэр їг нь дараах тохиолдлуудад гишїїн єгїїлбэрт дараах байцын їїргїїдийг гїйцэтгэнэ.
а) before - after - on - upon - ны дараах цаг (temporal) заасан байцын :
on leaving America - америкийг орхих їед
б) for (= -ийн тулд, тєлєє, учраас), for the sake of(= -ын тулд), on account of(= -ын тулд, -аас болж) -ын дараа шалтгаан заасан (causal) заасан байцын :
He was punished for having stolen. - . . . -ынх нь тєлєє тэр буудчихсан.
в) by (-аар), with (-ийн тулд), without (- гїйгээр), instead of (-ын оронд) -ын дараа арга хэлбэрийн байцын :
He left without saying goodbye. - Тэр баяртай ч гэлгїй яваад єгєв.
г) by (- учраас, тэгэх завсар) -ын дараа дэмжих (instrumental) байцын :
By inventing a machine he became famous. - Машин зохиосноор тэр алдартай болсон.
д) in spite of (-боловч, вч, ч) -ын дараа найр тавих байцын :
In spite of being late you can hear the speech. - Та хожимдсон ч гэсэн илтгэлийг сонсч болно.
Санамж : Їйлт нэр їгийн нийлмэл цагийн оронд гол тєлєв энгийн цаг хэрэглэдэг. (Ялангуяа after -ийн дараа) :
after having finished - after finishing = дуусаад , тєгсєєд ; for having stolen - for stealing - хулгай хийснийхээ тєлєє
НЄХЦЄЛТ ЇЙЛ ЇГ (The participles)
Хавсрал нэр болон їйл їгийн шинжийг агуулсан "-ing" ба "-ed" тєгсгєлтэй їйл їгийг нєхцєлт їйл їг гэдэг. Нєхцєлт їйл їг нь одоо цагт нєхцєлт їйл їг (The prsesent participle) = нєхцєлт їйл їг ийн нэгдїгээр хэлбэр (Participle 1) болон єнгєрсєн цагт нєхцєлт їйл їг (The perfect participle) = нєхцєлт їйл їгийн хоёрдугаар хэлбэр (Participle 2) гэсэн хоёр хэлбэртэй байдаг.
Одоо цагт нєхцєлт їйл їг нь ямагт "-ing" тєгсгєлтэй : I saw a boy beating a dog. - Би нохой зодож байгаа хїїг харсан.
Єнгєрсєн цагт нєхцєл їйл їг нь дїрмийн їйл їгэнд "-ed" залгаж їїснэ. (дїрэм бус їйл їгийг їзнэ її)
There lived a little girl called Red riding hood. - Тэнд Улаан малгайт гэдэг жижигхэн охин амьдардаг байв.
I . Нийлмэл нєхцєлт їйл їг нь єгїїлбэрийг товч хураангуй болгоход хэрэглэгддэг ба хэрэглэх тохиолдлууд нь :
- Тодотгол гишїїн єгїїлбэрийг хураангуйлахад : Энэ нь гол єгїїлбэрийн нэг хэсэгт тодотгол байдлаар ордог. Жишээ нь :
The American, visiting our town, was very delighted. - Манай хотод зочилж байгаа Америкчууд маш их сэтгэл хангалуун байсан. - Дараах тохиолдлууд дахь байц єгїїлбэрийг (adverbial clause) хураангуйлахад :
а) цаг заасан : Having done their work, they went home. - Єєрсдийн ажлаа дуусгаад гэртээ харьцгаасан.
б) учир шалтгаан заасан : (being) tired of waiting, I went off
в) арга хэлбэр заасан : He entered the room carrying some books. - Тэр хэдэн ном барьсаар єрєєнд орсон.
г) Нєхцєл шалтгаан заасан : This poem, if carefully declaimed, will be impressive
Утгыг нь тодорхой болгохын тулд холбоос їг ашиглаж болно. (while, though гэх мэт)
II . Нийлмэл бус нєхцєлт їйл їг (зєвхєн бичгийн хэлэнд хэрэглэгддэг) нь бие даасан єгїїлэгдэхїїнтэй байдаг ба дараах байдлаар илэрхийлэгддэг.
a) цаг заасан : This done, we went home.
б) шалтгаан заасан : The task being too hard, he gave up all hope
Санамж : Одоо цагт нєхцєл їйл їг нь тогтсон хэллэгїїдтэй байдаг. Жишээлбэл :
considering | тооцон їзэх, анхааралдаа авах |
excepting | їїнээс гадна, гадна, -аас бусад |
including | оролцуулаад, багтаан, їїнд, їїний дотор |
supposing | єргємєл, їрчилсэн |
strictly speaking | чухамдаа бол |
generally speaking | нийтийн, ерєнхий, тїгээмэл |
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